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Likud

Likud – National Liberal Movement
הליכוד – תנועה לאומית ליברלית‎
ChairpersonBenjamin Netanyahu
FounderMenachem Begin
Founded1973 (alliance)
1988 (unified party)
Merger ofGahal (Herut and Liberal Party), Free Centre, National List and Movement for Greater Israel
HeadquartersMetzudat Ze'ev
38 King George Street
Tel Aviv, Israel
Youth wingLikud Youth
Membership (2012)125,000
Ideology
Historical:
Political positionRight-wing[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
European affiliationEuropean Conservatives and Reformists Party (global partner)[20]
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Colours  Blue
Knesset
32 / 120
Most MKs48 (1981)
Election symbol
מחל‎
م‌ح‌ل‎
[21]
Party flag
Website
www.likud.org.il/en/ Edit this at Wikidata

Likud (Hebrew: הַלִּיכּוּד, romanized: HaLikud, lit. 'The Consolidation'), officially known as Likud – National Liberal Movement (Hebrew: הַלִּיכּוּד – תנועה לאומית ליברלית, romanized: HaLikud – Tnu'ah Leumit Liberalit), is a major right-wing political party in Israel.[22][23][24] It was founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin and Ariel Sharon in an alliance with several right-wing parties. Likud's landslide victory in the 1977 elections was a major turning point in the country's political history, marking the first time the left had lost power. In addition, it was the first time in Israel that a right-wing party won the plurality of the votes.[25] After ruling the country for most of the 1980s, the party lost the Knesset election in 1992. Likud's candidate Benjamin Netanyahu won the vote for Prime Minister in 1996 and was given the task of forming a government after the 1996 elections. Netanyahu's government fell apart after a vote of no confidence, which led to elections being called in 1999 and Likud losing power to the One Israel coalition led by Ehud Barak.

In 2001 Likud's Ariel Sharon, who replaced Netanyahu following the 1999 election, defeated Barak in an election called by the Prime Minister following his resignation. After the party recorded a convincing win in the 2003 elections, Likud saw a major split in 2005 when Sharon left to form the Kadima party. This resulted in Likud slumping to fourth place in the 2006 elections and losing 28 seats in the Knesset. Following the 2009 elections, Likud was able to gain 15 seats, and, with Netanyahu back in control of the party, formed a coalition with fellow right-wing parties Yisrael Beiteinu and Shas to take control of the government from Kadima, which earned a plurality, but not a majority. Netanyahu served as prime minister from then until 2021. Likud had been the leading vote-getter in each subsequent election until April 2019, when Likud tied with Blue and White[26] and September 2019, when Blue and White won one more seat than the Likud.[27] Likud won the most seats at the 2020[28] and 2021 elections, but Netanyahu was removed from power in June 2021 by an unprecedented coalition led by Yair Lapid and Naftali Bennett.[29][30] He subsequently returned to the office of Prime Minister after winning the 2022 election.[31]

A member of the party is called a Likudnik (Hebrew: לִכּוּדְנִיק)[32] and the party's election symbol is מחל (Arabic: م‌ح‌ل), reflecting the party's origins as an electoral list of several pre-existing parties, including those who used the symbols מ, ח and ל.[33]

  1. ^
    • Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce (2013). Principles of International Politics. SAGE. p. 69.
    • Utter, Glenn (2004). Conservative Christians and Political Participation. ABC-CLIO. p. 29.
    • El-Gendy, Karim (2018). The Process of Israeli Decision Making. Al-Zaytouna Centre. p. 192.
    • Neack, Laura (2018). Studying Foreign Policy Comparatively. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-5381-0963-2.
    • The Middle East: From Transition to Development. Brill. 2022. p. 64. ISBN 978-90-04-47667-7.
  2. ^
    • Daniel Tauber (13 August 2010). "Ze'ev Jabotinsky (1880-1940)". Likud Anglos. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Jabotinsky's movement and teachings, which can be characterized as national-liberalism, form the foundation of the Likud party.
    • McGann, James G.; Johnson, Erik C. (2005). Comparative Think Tanks, Politics and Public Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-78195-899-5. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2016. The Likud Party, the party of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, is a national-liberal party, while the Labor Party, led by Shimon Peres, is more left-wing and identified as social-democratic.
    • "Meet the parties – Likud". Haaretz. 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2015. A national-liberal political movement (center-right, in Israeli terms) that was established as an alliance of parties that united into a single party in 1984.
  3. ^ Watzal, Ludwig (1999). Peace Enemies The Past and Present Conflict Between Israel and Palestine. PASSIA. p. 28.
  4. ^ Grübel, Monika (1997). Judaism. Barron's. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7641-0051-2.
  5. ^ "Israel: Cracks in the Facade". Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. 23 January 2023. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. Benjamin Netanyahu's national-conservative party Likud
  6. ^ "Israel election: Who are the key candidates?". BBC News. 14 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  7. ^
    • Shafir, Gershon (2002). Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship. Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
    • Moghadam, Valentine (2020). Globalization and Social Movements. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 201.
    • Langford, Barry (2017). All Together Now. Biteback Publishing. Netanyahu, leader of the right-wing populist party Likud, ran for re-election
  8. ^ "Guide to Israel's political parties". BBC News. 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  9. ^ Amnon Rapoport (1990). Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions. Kluwer Academic. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-7923-0685-6. Likud is a liberal-conservative party that gains much of its support from the lower and middle classes, and promotes free enterprise, nationalism, and expansionism.
  10. ^ Joel Greenberg (22 November 1998). "The World: Pursuing Peace; Netanyahu and His Party Turn Away from 'Greater Israel'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Likud, despite defections, had joined Labor in accepting the inevitability of territorial compromise.... Revolutionary as it may seem, Likud's abandonment of its maximalist vision has in fact been evolving for years.
  11. ^ Ethan Bronner (20 February 2009). "Netanyahu, Once Hawkish, Now Touts Pragmatism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2015. Likud as a party has made a major transformation in the last 15 years from being rigidly committed to retaining all the land of Israel to looking pragmatically at how to retain for Israel defensible borders in a very uncertain Middle East....
  12. ^ Karsh, Efraim (2013). Israel: The First Hundred Years: Politics and Society since 1948. Vol. 3. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-135-26278-5. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  13. ^ "Likud – political party, Israel". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.|"Guide to Israel's political parties". Bbc.com. 4 November 2017. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  14. ^ Ishaan Tharoor (14 March 2015). "A guide to the political parties battling for Israel's future". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  15. ^ "Israel: New Netanyahu government vows to expand settlements". Deutsche Welle. 28 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. Benjamin Netanyahu's right-wing Likud Party announced its key policy priorities for the new Israeli government on Wednesday, with settlement expansion at the top of the list.
  16. ^ "Israel chooses Knesset speaker as forming new government looms". Al Jazeera. 13 December 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. Yariv Levin, a senior member of Netanyahu's right-wing Likud party, was chosen on Tuesday to replace Mickey Levy.
  17. ^ "Benjamin Netanyahu Fast Facts". CNN. 29 December 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. Leader of the right-wing Likud Party.
  18. ^ "With most votes now counted, Netanyahu seems poised to return as Israel's leader". NPR. 2 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2023. His right-wing Likud Party is the clear frontrunner. His main ally, the far-right Religious Zionism party, made historic gains in Tuesday's vote,
  19. ^ "Senior member of Netanyahu's party breaks away as Israeli election beckons". Reuters. 9 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. A prominent rival of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in the right-wing Likud party announced on Tuesday a breakaway bid aimed at defeating the Israeli leader in a looming early national election.,
  20. ^ Member parties Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine European Conservatives and Reformists Party
  21. ^ "הליכוד בהנהגת בנימין נתניהו לראשות הממשלה". Central Election Committee for the Knesset. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  22. ^ Galanti, S. B.-R.; Aaronson, W. E.; Schnell, I. (2001). "Power and changes in the balance between ideology and pragmatism in the right wing Likud Party". GeoJournal. 53 (3): 263–272. doi:10.1023/A:1019585912714. JSTOR 41147612. S2CID 146442369.
  23. ^ Baskin, Judith Reesa, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-521-82597-9. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2015. To overcome Labor Party dominance, the bulk of center-right parties formed Likud.... In the early twenty-first century, Likud remains a major factor in the center-right political bloc.
  24. ^ David Seddon, ed. (2013). A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-35561-6. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. Likud is centre-right, strongly nationalistic and assertive in foreign policy.
  25. ^ Bsisu, Naji (Spring 2012). "Israeli Domestic Politics and the War in Lebanon" (PDF). Lights: The MESSA Journal. 1 (3). University of Chicago: 29–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  26. ^ Benjamin Kerstein (10 April 2019). "Israeli Elections Results: Likud Tied With Blue and White, But Right-Wing Bloc Remains Larger, Handing Netanyahu the Victory". Algemeiner Journal. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  27. ^ Staff writer (24 September 2019). "Likud wins extra seat at expense of UTJ as election committee adjusts results". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  28. ^ "Final Election Results: Netanyahu Bloc Short of Majority With 58 Seats". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  29. ^ "Netanyahu: A shrewd leader who reshaped Israel". BBC News. 13 June 2021. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  30. ^ "Naftali Bennett: The rise of Israel's new PM". BBC News. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  31. ^ Williams, Dan (29 December 2022). "Israel's Netanyahu returns with hard-right cabinet set to expand settlements". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  32. ^ "Likudnik". Milon Morfix. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  33. ^ Sterman, Daniel (22 February 2019). "A Faction Is Not a Party – Part 2". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

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